To complement this view, data from a literary, ideological, legal, and journalistic discourse provide new means of looking at work. The dictionaries also contains elements of Soviet ideology, especially an extolment of work and its superiority over people. The lexicographic treatment contains elements of the rural understanding of work as a hard, arduous human activity, performed out of necessity but at the same time as something that brings joy and functions as the foundation of one's life. The relevant definitions in the two dictionaries differ substantially and reflect, respectively, former and contemporary views on work. The lexicographic sources used are The Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (Lietuviu Kalbos Žodynas, LKŽ) and The Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian (Dabartin˙ es Lietuviu ˛ Kalbos Žodynas, DLKŽ). The study presents the Lithuanian linguo-cultural image of work (darbas) reconstructed from lexicographic and textual data. its tasks are to examine and reveal the characteristics of the creation and performance, approach to the profanation of the history of science and the manifestations of amateurism in the organizations of Lithuanian emigrant historians in the same period. the purpose of the article – to discuss the problems of the professional organization of the science of history and the trends of historical thought in the united states and Canada in the period of 1948–1990. the main problems of this article are what symptoms of ‘declining’ historiography did the then Lithuanian exile historians identify and how did they propose to ‘cure’ them. nostalgia for the motherland, the uncertainty of the future encouraged making earlier the beginning of the Lithuanian state, the search again for Lithuanians in all possible ancient civilizations, the publishing of counterfeit unconvincing historical documents. Historians prepared for professional work in independent Lithuania, pushed to the other side of the Atlantic by the war and occupations had many opportunities to resent the reviving and growing romanticism and related to it amateurism of “movements”. This book describes how the national cultural elites constructed a Soviet Lithuanian identity against a backdrop of forced modernization in the fifties and sixties, and how they subsequently took it apart by evoking the memory of traumatic displacement in the seventies and eighties, later emerging as prominent leaders of the popular movement against Soviet rule. They streamed into factory and university alike, creating a modern urban society, with new elites who had a surprising degree of freedom to promote national culture. As postwar reconstruction gained pace, ethnic Lithuanians from the countryside – the only community to remain after the war in significant numbers – were mobilized to work in the cities. At no point, however, did the process of national consolidation take a pause, making Lithuania an improbably representative case study of successful nation-building in this troubled region. Moreover, the fighting continued after 1945 with the anti-Soviet insurrection, crushed through mass deportations and forced collectivization in 1948-1951. Some of Greimas's contemplations about literature also indicate the limits of his thinking, but the body of his works still reveals a surprising integrity of his personality.Īppearing on the world stage in 1918, Lithuania suffered numerous invasions, border changes and large scale population displacements.The successive occupations of Stalin in 1940 and Hitler in 1941, mass deportations to the Gulag and the elimination of the Jewish community in the Holocaust gave the horrors of World War II a special ferocity. Lithuanian essays show that Greimas also wrote them as a semiotician. In his estimation of Lithuanian poets, Greimas aimed at finding authors of the European level a principle of analogies is fruitfully used for understanding their works. Greimas used the model of structural similarities between French and Lithuanian literatures for constructing Lithuanian literary history. The analysis of texts written in Lithuanian in 1943-1955, dedicated to Cervantes, Verlaine, and Corneille unveils the most important methods of his analytical work: prioritizing the text over its context the aim to uncover the author's authenticity. The idea for the present article came from the doubt expressed in the thesis of the world-renowned Algirdas Julius Greimas (1917-1992) that there is an unbridgeable gap between his Lithuanian essays and French semiotics.
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